Bk+3+Ch+2.3

III. Music A. Music-a set of notes that combine in patterns that are pleasing 1. noise has no pleasing patterns 2. sound quality of musical instruments results from a blending a fundamental note with its overtones. Resonance also has a role i. fundamental tone-lowest material frequency of an object ii. overtones-object's high natural frequencies a) have frequencies that are 2, 3 or more times the frequency of a fundamental tone iii. standing wave can occur at only specific frequencies called natural frequencies a) every object has its own natural frequencies iv. each instrument produces different overtones, so the blending of the fundamental tones produces different sound qualities 3. resonance-affects sound quality of a musical instrument by increasing the loudness of certain overtones i. occurs when 1 object causes a nearby object to vibrate at a natural frequency ii. shape and material determine which overtones are loudest B. groups of Musical Instruments 1. 3 basic groups-stringed, wind, percussion 2. to control loudness, musicians change the energy of the vibration 3. Stringed instruments i. produce sound by vibrating when they are strummed or rubbed with a bow ii. loudness is increased by resonance when the instrument's hollow body vibrates as strings vibrate iii. pitch of each string depends on a) length b) thickness c) material d) how tightly stretched iv. long strings-low pitch a) cello v. short strings-high pitch a) violin 4. wind instruments i. brass instruments a) trumpet, baritone, tuba b) produce sound when a musician's lips vibrate against the mouth piece ii. woodwind instruments a) clarinet, oboe b) contain a thin flexible strip of material-reed c) sound produce when reed vibrates 5. percussion instruments i. drum, bell, cymbals, xylophones ii. vibrate when struck iii. drum pitch depends on size, tension of drumhead, and material C. Acoustics-the study of how sounds interact with each other and the environment 1. Constructive interference may distort sound 2. destructive interference can produce dead spots where loudness is reduced 3. reverberation-the echoes of a sound are heard after the source stops producing sound waves 4. acoustics is used in the design of concert halls to control reverberation and interference

Quiz 1. 1st overtone 2. fundamental tone 3. 2nd overtone 4. music 5. quality 6. resonance 7. strings, winds, percussion 8. wind or brass 9. acoustics 10. reverberation

Study Guide 5. acoustics 7. interference 10. sound quality 13. resonance 18. false - music 19. false - higher 24. constructive interference-compressions of 2 waves at same place and amplitude combine. Sound is louder than 2 original. Destructive interference when compressions of 1 wave overlap rarefactions of another wave and amplitude cancel out each other. Sound is softer or absent.